昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

食源性寄生虫的风险评估

风险(risk)是由一种或多种危害因子而引发危害事件的一种可能性或概率。危害因子可能属于物理的、化学的、微生物的范畴,病原微生物中的细菌、病毒、寄生虫等都可成为引发危害事件的风险因子。评估某一因子是否对人或其他生物构成威胁以及所危害的程度显得至关重要。事实上,存在于环境中的危险因子及其多种可能的传播途径都会引发多种危害性事件。因此,要想充分了解并揭示由危害因子引发危害的概率,以及其随后对人类健康造成的危害并非易事。风险评估则是对不良结果或不期望事件发生几率进行描述及定量的系统过程,现已被视为一种用于揭示存在于环境中的各种危害及其对人类健康造成的影响的方法。论文主要对食源性寄生虫风险评估的方法进行全面阐述。     

肉牛场生命周期估计及环境影响评价

试验采用生命周期估计(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法对江西高安某存栏1 800头的肉牛育肥场在整个育肥期间(7个月)的污染物排放量,以及污染物在全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成方面对环境的影响进行了评估。系统边界包括化肥生产、农作物种植、饲料运输、肉牛生产和粪便处理。结果表明:温室气体排放量为(以CO2当量计)为11 908t,环境酸化气体排放量(以SO2当量计)为84.6t,富营养化气体排放量为(以PO43-当量计)为14.4t,光化学臭氧合成问题气体排放量为(以C2H4当量计)为1.68t。其中饲料运输主要影响全球变暖(占总排放量的49.8%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的54.1%),而粪便处理主要影响环境酸化(占总排放量的70.1%)和富营养化(占总排放量的76.4%),肉牛生产对环境的影响主要是全球变暖(占总排放量的18.1%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的30.9%)。因此,可考虑通过降低运输距离,改善饲料配方、粪便处理方式等降低污染物排放量。     

Detection of Invasive Borrelia burgdorferi Strains in North‐Eastern Piedmont,Italy

Following reports of human cases of Lyme borreliosis from the Ossola Valley, a mountainous area of Piemonte, north‐western Italy, the abundance and altitudinal distribution of ticks, and infection of these vectors with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were evaluated. A total of 1662 host‐seeking Ixodes ricinus were collected by dragging from April to September 2011 at locations between 400 and 1450 m above sea level. Additional 104 I. ricinus were collected from 35 hunted wild animals (4 chamois, 8 roe deer, 23 red deer). Tick density, expressed as the number of ticks per 100 m², resulted highly variable among different areas, ranging from 0 to 105 larvae and from 0 to 22 nymphs. A sample of 352 ticks (327 from dragging and 25 from wild animals) was screened by a PCR assay targeting a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of B. burgdorferi s.l. Positive samples were confirmed with a PCR assay specific for the 5S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region and sequenced. Four genospecies were found: B. afzelii (prevalence 4.0%), B. lusitaniae (4.0%), B. garinii (1.5%) and B. valaisiana (0.3%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the ospC gene showed that most of the Borrelia strains from pathogenic genospecies had the potential for human infection and for invasion of secondary body sites.     

美国葡萄柚营养成分分析与评价

对西双版纳普文林场引种的葡萄柚品种进行外观性状及化学成分分析,并对其营养品质进行了综合分析。结果表明,不同品种的单果质量、可食率、可溶性固形物含量、柠檬酸含量、总糖含量、和维生素C含量的差异明显,其变化幅度依次为350~550 g,70%~75%,7%~11%,0.9%~1.7%,3.49%~6.03%,20~30 m g/(100 g)。不同品种的果形指数差异较小。由此得出哈路比、亨路比、里德马叙、里约红、星路比的综合营养品质较好,矮化、火焰的综合营养品质较差。以期为开展葡萄柚品种区划及制定分级标准提供必要的参考和依据。     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.     

肉桂枝枯病作为检疫性有害生物的风险评估

通过定性因素和定量指标体系相结合的方法对肉桂枝枯病进行评估，其属于中度危险性的林业有害生物，建议加强肉桂产地疫情的监测，防止病害的自然传播。将肉桂枝枯病的传播媒介肉桂泡盾盲蝽列为地方补充林业检疫性有害生物，加强检疫监管，防止人为传播。     

农区林业实践对我国退耕还林工程的启示

相对于我国退耕还林工程,农区林业的优势在于:经营模式多样,农民经营风险低,行为自主性较强,为农村剩余劳动力(特别是妇女)提供更多就业机会,政府干预较少。我国退耕还林工程应该学习农区林业的成功经验,从政策上做出调整,建立促使农民积极参与的激励机制,并减少政府的直接干预,以降低政策成本。     

朱家山自然保护区生态评价

朱家山自然保护区位于贵州省黔南州瓮安县，1998年对保护区进行了综合考察。其生态评价为：丰富的生物多样性；珍稀动植物的荟萃地；罕见的固体水库；泥沙及坡积物的潜在产出区；动植物区系的过渡区域；各演替阶段并存的森林群落；科研教学的理想场所。并对今后开发提出了建议。     

浙江省国家重点保护野生植物就地保护的研究

对浙江省国家重点保护野生植物就地保护现状及评价进行了研究。目前浙江省已有8个省级以上野生植物和森林生态系统类型自然保护区(点),就地保护国家重点保护植物达38种,占浙江省国家重点保护野生植物总种数(50种)的76%;初步提出了合理调整和布局自然保护区,大力发展自然保护小区、自然保护点和禁伐区,就地保护和其它手段相结合等保护措施。